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Title of the thesis: Quantum games - Definition and development practices

Thesis defender: Laura Piispanen 
Opponent: Associate Professor Rilla Khaled, Concordia University, Canada
Custos: Professor Perttu Hämäläinen 

When games draw inspiration from quantum physics, run on a quantum computer, teach about the theory, or simulate quantum phenomena, we can call them quantum games. These include both serious games designed for education, citizen science, and outreach, as well as entertainment and artistic projects, in both digital and analog forms.

This dissertation provides the first broad and systematic definition of quantum games, which serves as a tool for their conceptualisation and development. The research is based on the collection and analysis of over 250 quantum physics-related games. In addition, it examines quantum game development through collaborative projects of varying scales and through Quantum Game Jam events, where scientists, artists, and developers come together.

The year 2025 has been declared the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology, underscoring the topicality and societal relevance of the field. As quantum computing and related technologies move from research into practical applications, the need for quantum literacy is urgent. At the same time, public trust in science faces challenges from misinformation and populist narratives. In this context, games offer a powerful medium: they can make abstract concepts understandable and tangible, foster participation, and lower barriers between science and society. Games have the potential to support curiosity, motivation, and knowledge-building, and even to counter negative attitudes and emotions.

The research lays the foundation for further studies and applications of quantum games, and contributes to the broader field of science game research. The results are presented as generalisable guidelines for interdisciplinary development practices, emphasising the importance of creative collaboration, early expert involvement, and carefully considered visual communication. The findings can be applied in education, science communication, and game design, as well as in supporting the development of quantum computing applications and quantum technologies. The dissertation demonstrates that quantum games are not merely educational tools, but open up new possibilities at the intersection of scientific knowledge, art, and technology. For some, developing quantum games builds skills towards joining the quantum workforce.

The doctoral research has been carried out under shared supervision at both the Department of Applied Physics and the Department of Computer Science.

Keywords: quantum games, quantum physics, quantum computing, game design, game jams, design practices

Contact information: and laura.piispanen@aalto.fi 

Thesis available for public display 7 days prior to the defence at .