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The discussions on the culture of open science and scholarship include e.g. responsible practices related to the assessment of researchers and research, new services and practices needed for open science and research, and opportunities and challenges created by using participatory research methods, for example citizen science.

International Policies and Recommendations on Open Science and Open Scholarship

There are several comprehensive international open science recommendations and policies. We have listed some of the most influential recommendations below:

1)

LERU's publication from 2018 emphasises the necessity of cultural change in universities to enable reaping the benefits of open science. It also introduces eight pillars of open science.

2)  

UNESCO's recommendation suggests new pillars of open science, and outlines:

• A common definition for open science
• Core values and guiding principles for open science
• Recommendations for priority areas of actions

3)

Open science is a policy priority for the European Commission and the standard method of working in its research and innovation funding programmes as open science improves the quality, efficiency and responsiveness of research.

4)

The European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) champions research data management and application to guarantee scientists’ access to data-driven science.

Other useful resources on open science and open scholarship are provided by e.g.

• (RDA),
• (CODATA),
• (Liber),
• (SPARC) Europe, and
• (EUA).

National Recommendations on Open Science, Research and Scholarship

Finland was one of the first countries to publish a . The open scholarship policy also includes and . 

The Declaration of Open Science and Research, updated in 2025, and other national open science policies and recommendations are listed below.  

1)

Open science and research are an integral part of researchers' everyday work, supporting both the impact and quality of research outputs. The Finnish research community is an international leader in open science and research.

The promotion of open science and research in Finland is guided by the following principles, in particular:

• collaboration and participation
• diversity and multilingualism
• transparency and accountability; and
• sustainability and common good

The signatories from the higher education and research community commit to the following objectives, while taking into account their own specific characteristics:

• culture for open scholarship
• open access to scholarly publishing
• open access to research data and methods
• open access to education

Aalto University has signed the declaration. 

2) Policies and Recommendations of Open Science and Research in Finland

Policies of open science and research in Finland outline in detail the strategic principles, objectives and action plans necessary to achieve the objectives set out in the Declaration for Open Science and Research.

Responsible Researcher Assessment

The assessment of research and researchers is currently a prominent subject in and outside the academic world. Researcher assessment (for recruiting, personal bonuses, project funding, expert tasks etc.) influences what is being studied by funding allocations, merits and structural processes of research organisations.

The new developments in the research assessment and the use of metrics are collected in the research assessment page.